______________________________________________________________________________ | File Name : REYNOLD3.ASC | Online Date : 01/02/95 | | Contributed by : Glenda Stocks | Dir Category : ENERGY | | From : KeelyNet BBS | DataLine : (214) 324-3501 | | KeelyNet * PO BOX 870716 * Mesquite, Texas * USA * 75187 | | A FREE Alternative Sciences BBS sponsored by Vanguard Sciences | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------| The EXCELLENT Reynolds files are listed on KeelyNet as: REYNOLDS1.ASC - Aether as a crystalline dilatant matrix to help explain matter, energy, space, time and PSI pheomena REYNOLDS2.ASC - the dilatant medium hypothesis as a bridge between classical and modern physics REYNOLDS3.ASC - envisions dynamic systems of negative dislocations (holes) through which matter and energy manifest and moves with tie-ins to explain UFOs REYNOLDS.ZIP - All of the above files as bundled together Also, you should download BUBBLE1.ZIP as explaining matter as a bubble in the aether density. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UFOs, Osborne Reynolds, and the One Wind: A New Look at an Old Theory BY Bruce L. Rosenberg Submitted as an Entry in the Cutty Sark Scientific Paper Competition to Promote Understanding of the UFO Phenomenon June 21, 1979 23 North Chelsea Avenue Atlantic City New Jersey, 08401 USA Copyright (C) 1979 by Bruce L. Rosenberg, All Rights Reserved. UFOs, Osborne Reynolds, and the One Wind: A New Look at an Old Theory For in the sea of sky, My Love The moonships sail and fly, My Love And many are their kind, My Love Who all need but ONE WIND To make their starry ways To make their starry ways And there will come a time, My Love Oh may it be in mine, My Love When men will proudly rise, My Love And forge to sail the skies Moonships from all the spheres Moonships from all the spheres Verses 5 and 6 from "Voyage of the Moon" (BMI) by Donovan I am a romantic scientist. The second verse above expresses a hope which is dear to my heart; a hope`I have for the children of man. The first verse gqves a hint as to how this hope might be realized. This paper expands on that hint. In the winter of 1978-5y both the CIA and the USAG¬ having been sued under the U.S. Freedom of Information Act, released information (1,2) which indicates serious official interest in UFOs. The content of these releases strengthens the hypothesis that UFOs are advanced space vehicles of nonhuman manufacture, operated by intelligent aliens. This hypothesis has not generally found favor with scientists of the establishment, whom I call "Apologists". The Apologists restrict the range of admissible data to that which can be accounted for by their cherished theories. And this is useful. It allows the scientist to decide which anomalous observations are meaningful, correct, or valid and which are merely noise. In opposition to the Apologists, are the "Heretics" who are looking to make names for themselves. The Heretics look far and wide for phenomena which are poorly accounted for by current theory. Typically, reviewers of papers are Apologists. Therefore, they will reject this heretical paper because it accepts a category of anomalous data (UFOs' and espouses a radically different theory of the dynamics and structure of the universe. However, its acceptance or rejection is of little consequence. I believe that these ideas must ultimately prevail. About ninety percent of UFO reports can be explained as misidentified natural or manmade phenomena, hoaxes, or hallucinations. The Heretic in me feels that there is scientific payoff in assuming that a large part of the remainder are advanced vehicles of nonhuman manufacture with propulsion systems and energy sources advanced, not only beyond the capability of existing technology; but also beyond human theoretical science of 1979. Henceforth, I will call them "UFOs". People ask, "If these aerial aliens really exist, why don't they communicate with us?" My answer is that in allowing themselves to be seen and, in some cases, pursued; they are communicating. There have been numerous encounters between UFOs and military craft of the U.S. and many other countries (1,2). In these encounters the aliens seem to be playing sophomoric cat and mouse games; saying, in effect, "Nyah, Nyah, Nyah! Can't catch us! Can't catch us! You can't do what we can do!" The Heretic in me thinks that we are being given a Global IQ test in which the time taken to duplicate the UFOs, to do what the aliens can do, is a measure of our technological and scientific IQ. Well, if they can do it, we can too ... monkey see, monkey do! But monkey must first see. French Aviation Pioneer Gabriel Voisin warns (3), "These extraterrestrial explorers are separated from us by a gigantic barrier higher than the Himalayas - which is our retarded technical knowledge and our haughty ignorance." If the existence of this mountain is not accepted, how can it be scaled? Mentioning many of the characteristics of UFOs which are inexplicable with current physical theory, J. Allen Hynek, Director of the Centre for UFO Studies in Evanston, Illinois, U.S.A., says in his book, The UFO Experience (4), "But there will surely be, we hope, a twenty-first century science and a thirtieth century science, and perhaps they will encompass the UFO phenomenon as twentieth century science has encompassed the aurora borealis, a feat unimaginable to nineteenth century science, which likewise was incapable of explaining how the stars and sun shine." His wait may soon be over. The heretical Apologist in me believes that a synthesis of nineteenth century and present day physical theory can explain the behaviour of UFOs. I am referring to Osborne Reynolds' mechanical aether theory and its integration with relativity and quantum theories. My goal is to show the extraordinary explanatory power of this theory and to demonstrate that it is the Holy Grail of Physics; a theory unifying all physical phenomena. Osborne Reynolds, F.R.S. (1842-1912), a British engineer and educator, earned the respect of his peers and the devotion of his students. Today he is recognized mainly for his contributions to the study of fluid flow (5,6); but Reynolds perceived these as only preliminaries to his grand synthesis - an axiomatic theory of a particulate aether. Reynolds was disappointed because his peers neither understood his theory nor shared his perception of its value (7). Also, he was competing for attention with the many major discoveries which followed one upon the other at the dynamic turn of the century. Now, 76 years later, will Reynolds have a more sympathetic audience? In 1903 Cambridge University Press published the third volume of Reynolds' collected works, "On The Submechanics of the Universe" (8). This was two years ahead of Einstein's special theory of relativity. Einstein devoted the latter part of his career to the formulation of a theory which could subsume all physical phenomena under a single rubric. He failed. It hardly seems possible that Einstein was unaware of Reynolds' theory; but would he have failed if he had been aware of it? Historically, there has been competition between British and German scientists. Heretically speaking, I feel Reynolds' contributions have been equal to or, perhaps, greater than Einstein's. British scientists should espouse Reynolds' theory as a matter of national pride! Reynolds titled his "popular" lecture of 1902, "On an Inversion of Ideas as to the Structure of the Universe". Current science pictures tiny, 'hard' particles zooming around in a lot of nothing (space) somehow mysteriously interacting with photons and nuclear, electric, magnetic, and assorted other forces. Reynolds' inversion, on the other hand, envisions dynamic systems of negative dislocations (holes) zooming around in a lot of something (a quasigaseous, quasicrystalline, dilatant medium) interacting with transverse vibrations (photons) and different types of stresses in the medium (nuclear, electric, magnetic, etc. forces). This theory is compatible with both relativity and quantum theories. It is an aether which was not demolished by the Michelson- Morley (M-M) experimental results. Today, theories of the luminiferous aether are not in vogue among Apologist physicists. They say that the M-M experiment disproved and that relativity theory did away with the need for an aether. It is true that M-M results disproved some aether theories; but the type of aether proposed by Reynolds, far from being disproven, actually permits visualization of the mechanism whereby the speed of light remains a constant. Here is a demonstration. As Einstein has shown, the observed speed of light is always a constant because the length of an object contracts in the direction of motion and its local time rate slows in perfect balance. Reynolds' theory enables me to show that the mechanism whereby this occurs is inherent in the very structure and dynamics of the medium. This medium is granular, composed of uniform, spherical grains much smaller than subatomic particles and filling the entire universe. In fact, it is the universe. In matter-free space the grains are hexagonally arrayed and almost close-packed. Because they cannot exchange neighbors, they form a quasicrystalline matrix. The grains are in relative, vibratory, gas-like motion; but with a mean free path many orders of magnitude smaller than the diameter of the grains (unlike a gas). This jostling of the grains against one another produces a very high pressure in the medium. Because of the gearing of the grains and the pressure, the medium supports transverse disturbances (EM waves) whose local propagation rate depends on the local pressure and strains in the medium. Unstrained; i.e., without matter, the aether is isotropic. Strained; i.e., with matter present, it is anisotropic. Reynolds says matter is strained regions of misalignment of the grains or "singular surfaces", "negative inequalities", or simply, "holes". Matter, then, moves by means of displacement; much as a bubble moves upward by an equal amount of liquid being displaced downward. For holes to move through the medium, aether grains must move in the opposite direction. Picture a void or hole having two plane, parallel faces. For this hole to move in a direction perpendicular to the faces, aether grains must leave the forward face and travel to the rear face of the hole. Since the distance the grains must travel is larger than the normal grain spacing and since they travel at a limited velocity, the grains spend a certain amount of time in transit across the singular surface. While in transit, the grains do not vibrate against other grains and their energy is momentarily unavailable to the rest of the medium. As the hole moves faster, the number of grains in transit across it increases. This causes a local decrease in aether pressure. Also, as more grains leave the front face, it experiences a loss of pressure and produces an aether strain tending to cause the front face to approach the rear face. This results in a contraction of the hole (matter) in the direction of motion. VOILA! THE LORENTZ-FITZGERALD CONTRACTION! The vibration rate of the grains determines the aether pressure and this determines the rate at which liressure of the medium the product measures the intensity of the effort. The dilation diminishes as the centers of the negative inequalities approach, and work is done BY THE PRESSURE IN THE MEDIUM, outside the singular surfaces, to bring the negative inequalities together. The efforts to cause the negative inequalities to approach correspond, exactly, to gravitation, if matter represents negative mass." Reynolds then shows the calculation which results in the model's correct prediction of gravitational force at the surface of the earth, concluding: "The inversion is thus complete. Matter is an absence of mass, and the effort to bring the negative inequalities together is also an effort on the mass (aether grain mass, that is, B.R.) to recede. And since the actions are those of positive pressure there is no attraction involved; the efforts being the result of the virtual diminution of the pressure inwards." As underlined above, Reynolds spoke of gravitational curvature of space more than a decade before Einstein's general theory of relativity was published. HOW MATTER MOVES FREELY THROUGH REYNOLDS' MEDIUM AND VICE VERSA Reynolds' theory differs greatly from aether theories based on the solid- elastic continuum model. Two requirements for the solid-elastic medium are: 1) to be stiff enough to transmit the extremely high frequency vibrations of light on the one hand, yet 2) diaphanous enough to permit the unhindered movement of the heavenly bodies. According to Reynolds' his SMU model avoids these paradoxical requirements (1, p. 250): "The difficulties in conceiving the free motion of the ether through matter do not present themselves in the analysis of the properties of the granular medium as now accomplished. This follows from the analysis which has been effected in this and the previous section." "... Whence it follows that the singular surfaces which correspond to matter are free to move in any direction through the medium without resistance, and vice versa the medium is free to move in any direction through the singular surfaces without resistance. And that the waves corresponding to those of light are instituted and absorbed by the singular surfaces only. So that after institution at the place where the singular surfaces are, the motion of the waves depends solely on the mean motion of the medium, and the rate of propagation is equal in all directions until they again come to singular surfaces. Thus all paradox is removed and the explanation of aberration is established on the basis of the absence of any appreciable resistance to the medium in passing through matter." Thus besides the explanations by definite analysis of: the potential energy, the propagation of transverse waves of light, the apparent absence of any rate of degradation of light, the lack of evidence of normal waves, the gravitation of matter, electricity, which explanations render the purely mechanical substructure of the universe indefinitely probable, we have by further analyses obtained ..." Reynolds' theory is compatible with both relativity and quantum theories. It is an aether which was not demolished by the Michelson-Morley (M-M) experimental results. It is true that M-M results disproved some aether theories; but far from being disproven, I have actually been able to show that the mechanism whereby relativistic phenomena occur is inherent in the very structure and dynamics of Reynolds' medium itself (6 and 7). MODERN PHYSICS AND REYNOLDS' THEORY Some modern theoretical physicists, notably Bohm (10), de Broglie and Vigier (11) and Hiley (12), have postulated the existence of a subquantic medium, which according to Bohm's early interpretation, is surprisingly similar to Reynolds' quasicrystalline dilatant medium. Both theories envision a structured matrix with a graininess much finer than the smallest subatomic particle. In Bohm's subquantic medium, elementary particles are analogous to dislocations and disclinations in a crystalline matrix. That is, there are a sufficient number of different types of dislocations and disclinations in crystals to account for the number of types of known elementary particles. The stress fields in the crystal are analogous to the electric, magnetic, nuclear, or gravitational forces exerted by the particle. The particle cannot exist without the stress fields nor the stress fields without the particle. Frank (13, pp. 131-134) has shown in a theoretical analysis that a Burgers screw dislocation moving through a crystal experiences relativistic effects, which can be determined by substituting the transverse velocity of sound in the crystal for the speed of light. Thus, there is a modern trend moving in the direction of Reynolds' theory. Moving, propagating dislocations have much in common with the objects in John Conway's game of Life. The objects in the game of Life are called "cellular automata". It's not really a game, it's more a self-running demonstration or simulation usually played out on the screens of personal computers. Certain rules are set up on a computer, an initial configuration is input, and the action is begun on the playing field. Stable and oscillating immobile entities arise and some rarer moving entities, called gliders and boats also appear on the field as the configuration evolves. Certain starting configurations called "glider guns" are immobile oscillators which every so many cycles shoot out a glider onto the field. Although much simpler, in some respect Conway's 2 dimensional objects are analogous to elementary particles in Reynolds' aether. In both cases, from a set of relatively simple initial assumptions and generating rules, an entire universe is constructed. Le Corbeiller (14, p. 881) believes that, in light of the 32 possible crystal classes and the 230 possible types of space arrangements of atoms in a crystal, "It may not be very long before we obtain deductive knowledge, on the basis of some few fundamental assumptions, of the main features of the physical universe." A proposal that one might deduce definable, mechanical structures for elementary particles on a subquantic scale should cause Heisenberg to spin in his grave. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle sets limits to certain kinds of knowledge. It is a fuzzy electron which is measured by photons. It is a fuzzy airplane which is measured by radar pulses. For certain purposes an airplane is a "probability cloud" existing somewhere within a trumpet-shaped volume of sky. However, this does not eliminate the fact that an airplane is a complex mechanical structure, about which the crude radar pulses can tell us very little. Deductive approaches such as Reynolds' theory just might let us determine HOW AN ELECTRON IS BUILT OUT OF AETHER GRAINS. One of the advantages of Reynolds' theory is that it makes possible visualization of phenomena, which formerly were grasped mainly by mathematical relationships. "Don't try to picture it; the equation is the whole reality", is a point of view which promulgates mystery in physics. Reynolds' theory has the potential of demystifying physics and bringing to bear, once again, that powerful human faculty of visualization to the subject. In this theory, the pressure of the aether, the interlocking structure of the aether grains, and dilation effects resulting from strains in the medium are the first order effects. The aether grains are the only truly 3 dimensional objects. All of the known physical phenomena are higher order effects deriving from these first order effects. Reynolds' quasicrystalline, dilatant, subquantic medium can provide explanations for: 1. the mechanism of gravity, 2. the magnitudes of nuclear, electric/magnetic, and gravitational forces as a function of distance, 3. the constant velocity of light, 4. the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction, 5. time expansion, 6. increase in mass with velocity, 7. nonradiating orbits of electrons around the nucleus, 8. the Pauli exclusion principle, 9. mass-energy interconversion (pair production and electron- positron annihilation), 10. the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and 11. the wave-particle duality of EM radiation. SPECULATIONS ON RELEVANCE OF REYNOLDS' THEORY TO PARAPSYCHOLOGY Douglas Stokes in his fine review article "Theoretical Parapsychology" (15) mentions resonance theories, Sheldrake's morphogenetic fields and Bohm's implicate order as possible explanations for parapsychological phenomena. Helmholtz demonstrated electromagnetic resonance by building identical, open loops of wire and when these were in proper orientation to each other a spark across the gap in the sender also occurred in the receiver. In some manner the energy was transmitted across the space between them. We now know that the transverse waves of electromagnetic radiation traveling through space at the speed of light are the basis for what Helmholtz observed. Are mental sparks transmitted from person to person? If so, what is the nature of these mental sparks? What is the medium across which this occurs? What might be resonating? The Ganzfeld phenomena, remote-viewing would appear to involve a much more complex sort of transmission than transverse EM radiation. Osborne Reynolds' longitudinal (or compression-rarefaction) waves are one candidate. These travel at 2.4 times the speed of light, however they interact very little with matter and have a relatively limited range of a few thousand meters. Another candidate for psi transmission lies in the structural properties of Reynolds' aether. Reynolds defines matter as regions of space within which aether grains ARE MISSING from the normal packing. This produces an AETHER PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL which, basically, is a gravitational field. This field produced by a physical object persists so long as that object exists. The field extends indefinitely into space and its intensity falls off according to the square of the distance. Along with the amorphous, purely quantitative gravitational field, it may be possible that objects produce a structured field containing more information than simply the amount of mass contained therein, which I will call "corporeal fields". Interactions of these corporeal fields extending into space might provide a physical basis for some classes of psi phenomena. Such "transcorporeal resonances" might produce subliminal or liminal experiences on a physical, tactile, body sensation level. It is not easy for many (especially the males in our culture) to be aware of, to be sensitive to, bodily sensations and "feelings". Individual differences in corporeal sensitivity could account for differences in psychic abilities. The information in a corporeal field might be more than simply the physical configuration of a human body; it could include thoughts, sensations, feelings, and mental images. Perhaps Jung's archetypes are modes of transcorporeal resonances and the universal unconscious is a name for this corporeal field information being shared via Reynolds quasicrystalline aether. I want to emphasize the difference between the above view and that of one person sending "thought waves" to another. The corporeal fields of all of us exist throughout the aether. Our corporeal fields in this room are coexisting and interpenetrating via the structured aether. Our bodies are the major source of these informational fields. Our bodies are separated by skin, clothing and air from other bodies in this room but we are intimately connected via the aether which provides the medium within which our bodies (and the rest of the universe) exists. Subtle features of the field could enable resonances or interactions among them which would be detectable at the source. So, I am talking about corporeal fields exchanging configurational information rather than transmission of messages through modulated electromagnetic radiation. THE FUTURE OF PHYSICS AND REYNOLDS' THEORY The first three decades of the twentieth century were rich with theoretical advances in physics. Since that time, technology has developed the practical applications of these new theories. It seems that the lands charted by these theories have all beenystal Dislocations", in The Proceedings of the Physical Society, Sec. A, from Jan. 1949 to Dec. 1949, Vol. 62, pp 131 - 134. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------